Mamankam

Mamankam was a unique festival of all Kerala importance.It was held once in 12years at Tirunavaya on the banks of Bharatapuzha.It secured to the Zamorin a unique placeand status in the political arena.There are several views regarding the origin ofMamankam.K.V. Krishna Aiyar relates it to the Marga-festival of the Buddhists.The dateof its origin is unknown.References to Mamankam occur ony from the 15th Century.It hasbeen suggested that Mamankam was the continuation of the Kuttams that was conductedevery twelve years at Tirunavaya.Before monarchy was introduced.The festival wasconducted by the Rakshapurushas of the four Kazhakams in to which Kerala wasdivided.The Perumals began to conduct it later.When the Chera kingdom declined, theruler of Valluvanad used to conduct the festival, receiving honours which the Perumalenjoyed.The Zamorin acquired this right from Valluvanad after defeating its ruler atTirunavaya.Ever since the conquest of Tirunavaya (1743) the Zamorin functioned as theprotector of Mamankam.The festival is called Mamankam as it was held in the year of Mahamagha; one ofthe 12 years in the lesser Brahaspathi circle.It was so called because it began in the Makaasterism in the month of Makara (Magha).It is also called Maha magham, the greatsacrifice to indicate the self-immolation of the ruler.The festival lasted for 29 days.Thefirst 25 days are set apart for processions and other ceremonies.On the last day of thefestival, the Zamorin used to come in procession, ascend the Manithera facing theTirunavaya Tevar and stood with a drawn sword.It was during this time that the Chavers,the followers of Valluvanad Raja, attempts to seize the throne to avenge the death of theprinces in the Tirunavaya battle.These soldiers were called Chavers because they weresworn either to do a way with the Zamorin or to perish in the attempt. At the close of thecelebrations, the Zamorin received the various Raja’s and chieftains at Manithara.TheMamankam helped the Zamorin to win a unique status in the political field.

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kalari

The Kalari was one of the most important institutions of the medieval period in the history of Kerala.In ancient Kerala, the Kalari was a school, which gave instructions bothin arms and letters.With domination of the Namputiris who were expert learners.Kalariactivities were reduced to giving military training.In the middle ages, Kalaris lost theirstatus as educated centres.they became military gymnasiums or fencing schools impartingtraining in arms. Kalaris were usually attached to temples.The Asan (Fencing master) whopresided over the Kalari master supervised the training of the youths and impartedinstructions in martial arts.Fencing, Boxing and Wrestling were some of the arts in whichtraining were given.The training in gymnastics and arms is known asKalaripayattu.Northern ballads are replete with references to the martial art.

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History of cochin

Kochi was another important Nadu that became independent after the disintegration ofthe perumal kingdom.The Cochin royal house is known as Perumpadappu Swarupam asthey had their original headquarters at Chithrakutam in the Perumpadappu village inVanneri.When the Zamorin invaded Valluvanad in the 13th Century,the Perumpadappufamily abandoned the Vanneri Palace and migrated to Ko9dungallur from where in 1405AD they shifted to Kochi.The aggressive raids of the Zamorin and the Periyar floodsmight have prompted them to shift the capital.The transfer of the trading activities fromMahodayapuram to the newly formed (Kochazhi) Kochi also promoted this shifting.Kochi came to political limelight only by the 13th Century.According to tradition, Kochiwas given to the nephew of the last Perumal when he partitioned the kingdom.Howeverthey were subordinate to the Perumal’s authority.The territorial boundary of the kingdomextended from Ponnani in the North to Shertallai in the south and from Chittur in the eastto Kochi in the West. Kochi rulers are being mentioned in inscriptions and in early literaryworks.Viraraghava associated with the Syrian Copper plates is a Cochin ruler.RamaVarma, another ruler of Cochin is mentioned in Siva Vilasam. Sukasandesam and UnniatiCharitam allude to the unique position held by the ruler of Kochi among the Naduvazhisof Kerala.The Brahmins recognised them as Kshatriyas, an honour granted not even to theZamorins.The Perumpadappu Muppil (chief) exercised jurisdiction over a large number oftemples in Kerala.This moral and religious authority exercised by him had given him placeof pride among the Naduvazhis of Kerala.Veeraraghava was the most important ruler of Kochi – before the advent of thePortuguese.He is associated with Veeraraghave Pattayam, or Syrian Christians copperplates of 1225 AD.This inscription is about the granting of the Manigramam rights and certain other privileges to Iravi Kortanan, leader of the Syrian Christians.It grants 72proprietary rights to Iravi kortanan, to have elephants, Silk umbrella, slaves, palanquinsetc.The inscription is important as it suggests the position of the Cochin royal family as thesuccessors of the Perumal.The local chieftains of Sukapuram, Panniyur and Eranad andValluvanad were present as signatories and witnesses of this grant.The prolonged conflict between Cochin and Kozhikode for the political supremacy ofcentral Kerala brought new dimensions to Kochi. It was the Cochin Raja who gavefacilities for trade to the Portuguese when they landed in Kerala.The Dutch palace waspresented as a present to the Cochin ruler by the Portuguese.The Kochi ruler alsowelcomed the Jews and the Konkani’s to the Malabar Coast.When the Dutch came, theKochi Raja’s became subservient to them.Their intervention in the prolonged conflict withKozhikode ended in 1717 and the Raja got back all his ancestoral territories.The periodwitnessed the rebellions of Paliath Achan, Anchikaimal and Chazhur Tampan.It also sawthe formation of the northern confederacy, Zamorin’s invasions and Cochin’s alliance withTravancore.When Mysorean intervention had taken place, Kochi became a tributary to thatpower and later made an alliance with the English.

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Ezhuttacchan

Ezhuttacchan was one of the most outstanding figures in the history of Malayalamliterature.He liberated Malayalam from the clutches of Tamil and Sanskrit and made itpopular.He is rightly regarded as the Father of modern Malayalam language.He was apioneer in the socio- religious movement of the time.Ezhuttacchan appeared at a timewhen there was anarchy and degradation in the political and cultural fields.In a period ofgloom, anarchy and violence, Ezhuttacchan appeared as a man of destiny.Tunchatt Ramanujan Ezhuttacchan was born in a Nair family at Thrikkandiyur.Heleft Kerala to othe Tamil country for higher studies.Returning to the native land, heestablished an Ezhuthupally (school) to teach children.He devoted his time to literarypursuits and composed devotional works.During his last days, Ezhuttacchan leftThrikkantiyur (Tirur) for Chittur where he established a Mutt and a temple on the banks ofthe river.Ezhuttacchan’s contributions to Malayalam are everlasting.He inaugurated the‘Kilippattu form of literary expression in Malayalam.He rendered in to Malayalam thegreat epics Ramayana and Mahabarata.His adaptation of Ramayana is unique as it had aspiritual and religious connotation.He was also credited with the authorship ofHarinamakirtanam and Irupathinaluvrutham.These works shows his genius for synthesis.Infact, the history of Malayalam poetry begins with this savant.In the devotional and religious sphere, Ezhuttacchan revived the Bhakti cult inKerala.His ‘Adhyatma-Ramayana’ is the finest literary expression of the Bhakti Cultwhich became popular in Kerala during the medieval period.He composed his work withsupreme emphasis on Bhakti or devotion to God in the form of Rama in a style andlanguage that appeals to the heart rather than brain. The devotional songs in this work areconsidered to be the best in Malayalam poetry even today.In the social sphere too, Ezhuttacchan made his mark.Though a non-Brahmin, hestudied theVedas and the Sastras and exposed the Aryan myth that they alone could masterthe sacred knowledge. Ezhuttacchan also began the system of imparting primaryeducation through Ezhuthupalli.In the words of Dr. Ayyappa Panikkar. “With his absolutesincerity, skill and total dedication to poetry and religion, Ezhuttacchan was able to createand establish, once and for all, a language, a culture and a people.He is thus a magnificentsymbol of our great cultural movement”.

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Cherusseri

Cherusseri Namputiri is famous as the author of Krishnagatha.He enjoyed thepatronage of Udaya varma, the king if Kolathunad.He composed Krishnagatha inaccordance with the wishes of his patron.Krishnagatha is remarkable for its simplicity andfelicity of expression.However it contain several verses, which come under the class oferotic poetry.While Ezhuttachan tried to rejuvenate society by introducingspirituality,Cherusseri treated Gods, Godesses as human beings with flesh and lood, withfeelings and emotion, love and hatred.

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KASARAGOD DISTRICT

KASARAGOD TOWN – District headquarters
Chandragiri Fort (4 km from Kasaragod) – Built by Shivappa Naik in the 17th century.
Small square shaped fort. Offers view of Chandragiri river and Arabian sea. Vantage point
to watch sunset. Mosque and ancient Kizhur Sastha temple nearby.
Chandragiri Cruises – Backwater boat trips to nearby islands & palm groves available
from Chandragiri bridge.
BEKAL (16 km south of Kasaragod) - Planned to be developed as a
major beach & backwater tourist destination.
Pallikere Beach – Walking distance from Bekal fort. Shallow water beach offers a scenic
view of Bekal fort. Gardens & playground have been developed near the beach. Bekal
Aqua Park – Offers boating facility in the backwaters near Pallikere beach/Bekal Hole
backwaters.
Bekal Fort – Largest and best-preserved fort in Kerala. 130-ft high laterite structure shaped
like a giant keyhole. The fort’s tall observation tower offers a view of Arabian sea, beach
and surrounding areas. Believed to be built in the 1650s by Shivappa Naik of Ikkeri dynasty.
Mosque built by Tipu Sultan and Hanuman temple at fort entrance.
Kappil Beach (22 km) – Remote & once secluded beach is becoming a tourist attraction.
Ananthapura Lake Temple (12 km northeast) – This 9th century temple set in a rock cut
lake is the only lake temple in Kerala. It is believed to be the moolasthanam (original seat)
of Ananthapadmanabhaswamy at Thiruvananthapuram. Deity is Padmanabhaswamy
seated on Anantha. Theppotsavam of deity on canoes in the lake and Yakshagana
performances are held during annual festival in April.
VALIYAPARAMBA (30 km from Bekal) – Perhaps the most scenic
backwater stretch in Kerala. Fed by four rivers and dotted with numerous
little islands. Valiyaparamba offers enchanting boat cruises.Kumbla (14 km northwest of Kasaragod) – Set on a picturesque lagoon separated from
the sea by a sand pit & connected by a narrow channel. Was the seat of Kumbla kings who
ruled the southern Tuluva kingdom. Sree Parthasarathi Temple at Munjankavu nearby.
NILESWARAM – Cultural centre of the district. The Nileswaram palace today functions as
the folk centre of the Dept of Archaeology. The town is also famous for its shrines and
the Karl Bhavan Yoga and cultural centres. There are several ‘Kavus’, where nature,
God and man commune in serene silence. Mannanpurathu kavu is the most important.
Manjeshwara – Known for Srimad Anantheshwara temple or Mahalingeshwara temple.
Birth place memorial of Govinda Pai – patriarch of Kannada literature and poetry.
Kanwatheertha beach (3 km from Manjeshwara) – A large swimming pool-like
formation of the sea on the vast beach is the main attraction.
Bela (15 km north of Kasaragod) – Mother Doloru Church or Church of ‘Our Lady of
Sorrows’ – oldest church in the district. Built in 1890 in Gothic style – rare architecture.
Madiyankulam Durga Temple – Architectural heritage property. Bhutha dance performed
during annual festivals in May/June and Dec/Jan.
Cheruvathur –A fascinating picnic spot. Sight from hill above is exquisite. Known for
Veeramalakunnu – home of the illustrious poets and scholars of Kuttamath.
Kottancherry (30 km north east of Kanhangad) – Similar in scenic beauty to Kodaikanal.
The rain forest near Konnakkad is ideal for trekking.
RANIPURAM (55 km) – 750 m ASL. Trekking trails and varied vegetation – evergreen
shola & monsoon forests & grasslands. Accessible by jeep. DTPC cottages.
Thalankara – Malik Dinar Juma Masjid – Built in old carpentry style; believed to be one of
the oldest mosques in India. Located near Arabian Sea. Built by a Muslim preacher Malik
Mohammed Dinar, whose tomb lies adjacent to the mosque.

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KANNUR DISTRICT

KANNUR TOWN – “Great Emporia of Spice Trade” in Marco Polo’s travel
records. Capital of erstwhile Kolathiri Rajas.
Payyambalam Beach (2 km) – Popular picnic spot; clear stretch of sandy beach. Mortal
remains of eminent persons from Kerala are laid to rest here.
Mappila Bay (3 km) – Beach with remnants of a temple and fort. A sea wall projecting
from the fort separates the rough sea and inland water. Modern fishing harbour has been
developed under Indo-Norwegian pact.
St. Angelo Fort (3 km) – A formidable triangular fort built of laterite, facing the Arabian
sea, replete with moat and bastions. Originally built by Portuguese in 1505. Passed into
the hands of Dutch, Ali Raja and British. Offers fascinating views of Mappila bay and
Dharmadam island.
PARASSINIKKADAVU (18 km) - Sri Muthappan Temple - Only temple in Kerala where
Theyyam, a ritual dance, is performed every morning & evening. Presiding deity is
Muthappan, hunter incarnation of Shiva. Follows unusual ritual of offering fish & toddy to the
deity. Situated on banks of Valapattanam river. Boating facilities available.
Snake Park (15 km) – Dedicated to conservation of snakes. Has 150 snake species
scientifically maintained in pits and glass cages. Snake demonstrations conducted every
hour draw large crowds. Located amidst scenic setting in a sandalwood park.
MUZHAPPILANGAD BEACH (15 km, enroute to Thalassery) - One of the longest (4 km)
and cleanest beaches in Kerala. Highway runs along its entire length, thus making it a
‘drive-in’ beach. Beach is protected by black rocks from deep currents, thus making the
shallow waters safe for swimming. Dharmadam island is visible from here.
DHARMADAM Island (17 km) – Small 5 acre island covered with coconut palms & dense
bushes has a beautiful beach. Permission is required to enter this privately owned island.
Kizhunna Ezhara Beach (12 km) – This beautiful stretch of sand is one of the most
secluded beaches in Kerala.
Malayala Kalagramam, New Mahe (29 km) – This is a famous centre for arts and crafts.
Conducts courses in painting, sculpture, music, dance and pottery. Has art gallery.
Thodeekulam Siva Temple (34 km, on Thalassery-Mananthavady road) – Famous for
mural paintings. Believed to be 2000 years old. Associated with the Pazhassi Raja family.
Madayi Para (22 km) – Ancient mosque originally built in 1124 AD by Malik Ibn Dinar, a
Muslim preacher from Arabia. Has a block of white marble brought by him from Mecca.
Nearby is a dilapidated fort, built by Tipu Sultan. There is also a fine beach.
EZHIMALA (25 km north) – Beautiful beach here has a hill nearby (286 m high). Atop the
hill is a mosque having mortal remains of Sheikh Abdul Latif, a Muslim reformist. At the foot
of the hill are a cave & an old burial chamber. Rare ayurvedic herbs are found in Ezhimala.
Ezhimala was capital of the ancient Mooshika kings. Buddha is believed to have visited
Ezhimala. Popular picnic spot. Naval academy is being developed here.
ARALAM Wildlife Sanctuary (35 km from Thalassery) – Tropical semi evergreen forest.
Herds of deer, elephant, etc.
Pazhassi Dam (37 km) – Dam site with garden. Boating facility in reservoir.
PYTHAL MALA (65 km) – This enchanting hill station (1370 m ASL) is rich in flora and
fauna. It is a 6 km trek to the top of the hills. There is a proposal to establish a zoo here.
Thalasseri – Thalasseri Fort – Square fort with massive walls & secret tunnels into the
sea, located near beach. Built by the British in 1708. Grand gateway intricately carved huge
door and a lighthouse are major attractions.
Arrackal Kottaram (3 km from Thalassery) – Palace of Arrackal Ali Rajas.
Gundert Bungalow – Residence of German missionary & scholar Rev. Dr. Herman
Gundert (1814-1893). He compiled first Malayalam-English dictionary, published one of
the first Malayalam newspapers-Paschimodayam & also built a church on Nattur hill.

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WAYANAD DISTRICT

KALPETTA – District headquarters. Ananthanathaswamy Jain temple at Puliyarmala.

VYTHIRI – Picturesque hill town at 1300 ASL.

LAKKIDI (5 km from Vythiri) – Gateway to Wayanad. 700 m ASL at the crest of

   Thammasseri ghat pass. Picturesque hills, gurgling streams & luxuriant vegetation on the

  12 km Adivaram – Lakkidi route. Lakkidi has one of the highest rainfalls in the world.

   Pookot Lake (3 km from Lakkidi) - Fresh water lake surrounded by hills. Has boating

  facility, children’s park, handicrafts & spice emporium, fresh water aquarium.

   Chembra Peak (14 km west) – Highest peak in Wayanad -2100m ASL. Panoramic

    surroundings with plantations and forests. A challenging trekking route. DTPC provides

   guides and trekking equipment and tents on hire. Meppadi hills nearby are similar.

  Varambetta Mosque (15 km east) – 300 year old mosque, oldest in Wayanad. Built in

   traditional Kerala style with gabled roof.

  Banasura Dam (21 km northwest) – Mini hydel project with largest earth dam in India.

   Park with flowering trees. Islands in the reservoir. View of Banasura hills in the background.

  Glass Temple at Kottamunda (20 km) – Parswanatha Swamy Jain Temple on the slope of

   Vellarimala. Mirrors inside temple walls reflect thousands of images of the icons of

  Parswanatha Swamy and Padmavathi Devi in the sanctum sanctorum.

 Sentinel Rock Waterfalls (22 km south) Waterfall tumbling down a height of 20m from a

hilltop at Chooralmala near Meppadi. Ideal for rock climbing.

Kanthanpara Waterfalls (12 km southeast of Kalpetta) – Small yet scenic waterfall just

 about 30 m in height.

Meenmutty Waterfalls (12 km east of Meppadi) – Waterfall cascading in three tiers, down

 a spectacular height of 50 m.

Mananthavadi (32 km) – Last resting place of Veera Pazhassi Raja, the Lion of Kerala –

   who organised guerilla war against the British. Pazhassi Raja died a martyr’s death and

    was cremated here in 1805. Forest area at 500 m ASL.

   Pazhassi Tourist Resort – Picnic spot with aquarium, coin operated toys & boating.

    Valliyoorkavu (3 km east of Mananthavadi) – Durga temple, very popular among local

     tribal communities. Ten day annual festival in April with dances & music of the tribals.

    Kuruva Island (17 km east of Mananthavadi) – 950 acres of evergreen forests on

     Kabani river. Home to rare birds, animals, orchids and herbs. Picnic spot.

    THIRUNELLI (32 km) – Maha Vishnu temple beside river Papanasini amidst Brahmagiri

     hills. Shrine supported by 30 granite columns; ground paved with square granite slabs.

    Pakshipathalam (10 km northeast of Thirunelli) – Can sight birds from watch tower at

     1740 m ASL; accessible only by trekking. Steep hills, virgin forests and rivulets; trekking

    place. Cave used by ancient saints for meditation nearby.

   SULTHAN BATHERY - Hill station. Has fort built by Tipu Sultan in the 18th century.

  Ambalavayal Heritage Museum (12 km south of Sulthan Bathery) – Houses artifacts &

   belongings of various tribes. Exhibits include rare 2nd century clay sculptures, ancient

  bows and arrows, stone weapons, etc.

 WAYANAD Wildlife Sanctuary (16 km from Sultan Bathery) –Rich in flora and fauna –

    elephants, spotted deer, gaur, sambar, sloth bear. Tribals live in & around forest area.

   Edakkal Caves (12 km south of Sulthan Bathery) – Archeological site with pre-historic

    petroglyphs. Two natural rock shelters formed by three huge boulders, at 1000 m ASL on

   Ambukutty hill. Contain pictorial writings of new stone age (7000 years old), with human &

  animal figures in peculiar head dresses along with swastik forms & symbols. One of the

 earliest centres of human habitation. Accessible only by trekking 5 km from Ambalavayal.

Chethalayam Waterfalls (12 km from Sultan Bathery) – One has to trek 4 km from

 Chethalayam on Pulpalli main road to view the waterfall.

Soochipara Waterfalls (22 km from Kalpetta) – Three-tiered waterfall in dense forest. 2

 km walk from road. Cliff face near waterfall is suitable for rock climbing.

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KOZHIKODE DISTRICT

KOZHIKODE CITY – Erstwhile capital of the Zamorins & trading port.Mananchira Maidan – Originally palace tank of king Mana Vikrama. The historic maidan
has been converted into an arcadia with landscaped lawns & gardens, artificial hills,
sculptures, open air theatre & musical fountain.
Art gallery & Krishna Menon Museum (West Hill, 5 km) – Art Gallery has paintings of
Ravi Varma among other collections. The section dedicated to V.K Krishna Menon
displays his personal belongings.
Pazhassi Raja Museum (East Hill, 5 km) – Has mural paintings, bronzes, coins, models
of temples, megalithic dolmonoid cysts, umbrella stones, etc.
Thali Shiva Temple – Important temple of erstwhile Zamorin kingdom, built in the 14th
century. High laterite walls and expansive temple pond.
The backwaters of Kozhikode – Elathur, the Canoli canal and the Kallai river are favourite
haunts for boating.
Korapuzha – An upcoming water sports destination. Venue of Korapuzha Jalotsavam.
KADALUNDI (19 km from Kozhikode) – Bird Sanctuary spread over a cluster of islands
surrounded by hillocks. Migratory birds gather during the season, starting from November.
Also a potential backwater tourist centre.
Feroke – Ruins of a fort, believed to be built in 1788. More than a dozen tile factories.
Beypore (10 km south) – Historical trading port and fishing centre at the mouth of Chaliyar
river. Known for indigenous boat building technology. Mammoth traditional Arabian trading
vessels known as Urus or Dhows were built by traditional ship builders here. Now wooden
cabin cruisers and pleasure boats are built mainly for export. Beach has a bridge made of
huge stones piled together, which makes a 2 km pathway into the sea.
KAPPAD BEACH (16 km) – Vasco da Gama’s landing here in 1498 is commemorated by a
small stone monument at the beach. Rocky promontories jutting out to the sea result in a
beach of calm waters. 800 year old temple on rock. Ayurvedic health resort nearby.
PERUVANNAMUZHI (60 km) – Peruvannamuzhi dam site. Reservoir has speed boat and
row boat facilities. Also, uninhabited islands, bird sanctuary and crocodile farm. ‘Smaraka
Thottam’, a garden built in memory of freedom fighters of the region.
TUSHARAGIRI (50 km east) – Two streams meet here to form the Chalippuzha river.
River diverges into three waterfalls creating a snowy spray, which gives the name
‘Tusharagiri”. Highest waterfall is Thenpara, which falls 75 m. Trekking tracks; tribal area.
Vadakara (40 km) – Historical town – has a ruined fort. Was the scene of many exploits of
Tacholi Othenan, the hero of Vadakkanpattu or the northern ballads of Kerala.
Iringal – Birth place of legendary navigator Kunjali Marakkar, chief of Zamorin’s force. His
sword is preserved in the house, which is under state archeology department.
Lokanarkavu Bhagavathi Temple (5 km from Vadakara) – Main deity is Goddess
Durga, with two adjacent shrines to Vishnu and Shiva. Main Durga temple is believed to
be over 1500 years old. Three rock cut caves in the temple premises have beautiful
carvings & murals. This temple is frequently alluded to in the northern ballads of Kerala.
Kuttichira – Muccunti mosque has interesting stone inscriptions.
Thikkoti Light house –Light house overlooking Velliyamkallu – a rock dreaded by mariners
off Moodadi coast, was build after a ship wreck. Migratory birds visit this area.
Vellarimala – Kanjirapuzha, tributary of Chaliyar river, flowing along the rocky terrain forms
several attractive waterfalls. Ideal for relaxing and trekking.

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MALAPPURAM DISTRICT

MALAPPURAM TOWN - Jama’at Mosque – One of the most important mosques
   in Kerala. Nercha festival in April. Adjacent to the mosque is the mausoleum of Malappuram
  Shaheeds, whose brave exploits have been immortalized in the Malappuram ballads.
 Kottakkal (12 km south) – Has a fortified palace of the Kizhakke Kovilakam kings, a wing
  of Zamorins. Also, headquarters of Kottakkal Arya Vaidyasala, a pioneering private
 Ayurvedic institution established in 1903. Research centre and hospital.
NILAMBUR – Known for Canolly’s Plot, the world’s oldest teak plantation. Named after H.V.
     Connolly, then collector of Malabar district. Bamboo trees cover extensive area in the forest.
    Teak museum. Original home of Cholainaickans, the oldest tribe of Kerala
   Tirur – Birth place of poet Thunchath Ramanuja Ezhuthachan, father of the Malayalam
    literature. ‘Thunchan Parambu’, where the 16th century poet was born, is highly venerated
       and its sand is held sacred and is used in vidyarambham, especially on Vijaya Dashami.
      Thirunavaya (8 km south of Tirur) – Navamukunda Temple, believed to have been
       founded by nine saints. Mamamkam festival (grand assembly of rulers in Kerala), started
      by Cheruman Perumal, used to be held here once every 12 years up to 1755 to choose
     an emperor. Now, a martial arts festival of Kalarippayattu is held during summer on the
    sand banks of Bharathapuzha river.
   Mambaram (26 km east of Tirur) – Muslim pilgrim centre. Famous for the Makhan – a
      shrine used primarily as a final resting-place for the principal Thangals. The Mambara
     Nercha is held in the month of Muharram near the tomb of Mambaram Thangal.
    Manjeri - Karikkad Subramanya temple is unique for its architectural style. The temple at
   Thrikkalangode, near Manjeri, is known for its Manjeri Pooram festival in April.
  KONDOTTI (18 km east of Manjeri) – 500 year old Pazhayangadi Mosque, which is
   venue of Valia Nercha festival during February – March. Associated with Muslim saint
    Mohammed Shah, also known as Kondotti Thangal.
   Tanur – Coastal fishing town of historical importance. One of the first Portuguese
    settlements in India. St. Francis Xavier visited in 1546. Beach, Keraladesapuram (Vishnu)
   Temple – one of the oldest in Kerala.
    Angadippuram – Religious centre for both Hindus and Muslims.
     Thirumandhankunnu Temple – Principal deities are Shiva and Bhagavathi. Pooram
      festival in March/April attracts large number of devotees.
     Puthanangadi Mosque – Has Arabic inscriptions engraved on one of its planks.
      Padinharekara Beach, near Ponnani – The beach offers a breathtaking view of the
       confluence of Bharathapuzha, Tirur Puzha and the Arabian sea.
      Vallikunu Beach – Beach set in the middle of a coconut grove.
       Biyyan Kayal – Waterway with boating facility.
        Kodikuthimala – Perennial springs and green mountains.
         Adyanpara – Waterfalls and lush jungles.

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PALAKKAD DISTRICT

PALAKKAD TOWN Palakkad Fort (Tipu’s fort) – Granite fort built by Hyder Ali in 1766. One of the best
     preserved forts in Kerala. Martyr’s Column & open-air auditorium are in the spacious fort
      grounds. A children’s park is on one side.
       Kalpathy Siva Temple – 700 year old Viswanatha Swamy temple on the banks of river
        Kalpathy. Known for annual chariot festival in November.
       Jain Temple – 32 X 20 feet granite temple has images of Thirthankaras & Yakshinis.
 MALAMPUZHA Dam (10 km) – Garden complex around Malampuzha dam
draws large holiday crowd. Gigantic sculpture of ‘Yakshi’ (enchantress) –
masterpiece of famous sculptor Kanai Kunhiraman. Small Japanese style
rock garden, rose garden, boating facility in reservoir, rope way, hanging
bridge across canal, aquarium. Fantasy Park at Malampuzha has variety
of rides - pirate boat, tora tora, water merry go around, etc.
Lakkidi (near Ottappalam) – Killikkurissimangalam is birth place of Kunjan Nambiar,
Kerala’s satirist poet, regarded as progenitor of Ottan thullal, a form of solo dance
narration. Poet’s house is preserved as a memorial by the Kerala Government.
Dhoni (15 km) – Hill station & trekking spot. Takes 3 hours trek from the base of Dhoni hills
to reach this reserve forest area, with its small waterfall. Also farmhouse with Swiss cattle.
Kollengode (19 km) – Has palace and Vishnu temple.
Chittur (15 km south east) – Known for Kongappa festival in February – March. The
festival commemorates the victory of Nairs of Kochi over the militia of Kongunadu
(Coimbatore). Chittur is also known for Kora grass mat making and granite carving.
Chittur Gurumadom or Thunchath Acharyamadom – Memorial to Thunchath
Ezhuthachan, the author of Adhyatma Ramayana.
KANJIRAPUZHA (24 km) – Reservoir of Kanjirapuzha dam. Evergreen forest ‘Vethilachola’
provides backdrop to the lake surrounded by hills.
Alattur (24 km south-west) – Alattur or Velimala hill has ruins of an ancient temple atop
the hill & a perennial natural spring. It also has a cave in the middle with mud partitions.
Meenkara (32 km) – Panoramic lake and aquarium.
SILENT VALLEY National Park (80 km) - Substantial stretch of evergreen rain forests.
Transportation is possible only up to Mukkali (24 km from park). Rest of the way has to be
covered by foot. Visitors are allowed only in a few places in the buffer zone. Facilities are
rudimentary. Home of tribal people. Known for rare lion tailed macaque.
PARAMBIKULAM Wildlife Sanctuary (135 km) – Has the largest population of wild gaur
(bison). Boating facility in Parambikulam reservoir. Trekking is allowed with prior
permission. Kannimaram teak tree, said to be the largest in Asia is near Thunakadavu,
headquarters of Parambikulam.
Attappady (38 km from Mannarkad) – Highland terrain with plantations & forests, fed by
tributaries of river Cauvery. Largest tribal settlement in Kerala. Habitat of tribes like the
Irulas & Mudugars. Malleshwaram peak is worshipped as a giant ‘Shivalinga’ by the tribals.
NELLIAMPATHY (75 km) – Hill station in Nelliampathy forest range, view of misty
mountains & valleys interspersed with tea, coffee, cardamom, orange & teak plantations.
Vantage view point with 100 m high waterfall near Seethagundu estate. Hills’ heights - 467
m to 1572 m (Padagiri or Nellikota peak). Trekking potential. Camping in community hall at
Kaikatty.
Pothundy (17 km from Nelliampathy) – Pothundy reservoir complex – picnic spot and
stop over point enroute to Nelliampathy.
Thrithala (75 km) – Kathil Madom temple on the banks of Bharathapuzha river is a domed
structure of granite slabs built in the 9th /10th century. Marks transition from Chola to Pandya
style of architecture. Nearby are ruins of a large fort with deep moat hewn out of laterite.

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THRISSUR DISTRICT

THRISSUR CITY

 Vadakkumnathan Temple – Shiva temple, one of the largest in Kerala.

   Shrines & Koothambalam (temple theatre) have exquisite vignettes carved

  in wood. Houses a museum of wall paintings, wood carvings & art pieces.

 Is the venue of the famous Pooram festival celebrated in April-May, which

includes procession of decorated elephants carrying ceremonial umbrellas.

Archaeological Museum – Picture gallery of mural paintings from all over Kerala.

 Art Museum – Collection of wood carvings, metal sculptures and ancient jewellery.

 Vilangankunnu Hill (7 km) – Picnic spot atop a small hill.

 Arattupuzha (12 km south) – Known for the annual Pooram festival during March – April.

     Deities of 46 temples from neighbouring villages are brought at night on caparisoned

    elephants accompanied by music to the local temple of Lord Sastha.

   Thriprayar Temple (South of Thrissur) – Rama temple with exquisite wood carvings,

    sculptures and mural paintings. Temple festival in November with parade of 17 elephants.

GURUVAYOOR (31 km) – 16th century Sree Krishna or

Guruvayoorappan Temple. Walls of sanctum have exquisite mural

paintings & carvings. 33.5 m high gold plated dhwajasthambham (flag post)

adorns outer enclosure. 7m high dipasthambham (pillar of lamps) with 13

circular receptacles provides a gorgeous spectacle. Narayana Bhattathiri

composed ‘Narayaneeyam’, at this temple. Popular venue for Hindu

weddings & annaprasanams. Festival (Feb/March) - elephant processions.

Punnathoorkotta (2 km from Guruvayoor) – Visitors can see the trained elephants of

the Guruvayoor temple here.

Koodal Manikyam Temple near Irinjalakuda (21 km) – Ancient temple, only one in India

with Bharatha (brother of Sree Rama) as deity. 11-day annual festival with 12 caparisoned

elephants is held in April/May.

Cheruthuruthy (32 km) – Seat of Kerala Kalamandalam, a music and dance academy

founded by poet Vallathol Narayana Menon in 1930. Imparts training in Kathakali,

Mohiniyattam, Thullal and other art forms. Also arranges cultural programmes on request.

PEECHI-VAZHANI Wildlife Sanctuary & Peechi Dam (20 km) – Dam site is a picnic spot

with boating facility in the reservoir. Botanical garden & cascading fountains.

St. Thomas Church at Palayur, Chavakkad – One of the oldest churches in India,

originally supposed to have been built by St. Thomas in A.D. 52.

CHIMMINI Wildlife Sanctuary – Sanctuary headquarters is at Echippara. Endowed with

scenic beauty and varied wildlife. There is a dam across Chimmini river.

KODUNGALLOOR (Cranganore) (50 km southwest) – Coastal port town of immense

historical importance. Ancient centre of trade with Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs.

St. Thomas Memorial Church – St. Thomas landed here in 52 A.D. This church

established by him houses ancient relics.

Cheraman Juma Masjid – Originally believed to be built in 629 A.D. First juma masjid in

India and the second in the world. A local king Cheraman Perumal is believed to have

gone to Mecca, embraced Islam and got an existing temple in Kodungalloor converted

into a mosque. The present building dates from the 16th century and is designed in Hindu

architectural style. The mosque faces east, unlike other mosques, which face Mecca.

ATHIRAPALLY (63 km) and Vazhachal waterfalls (68 km) – Two scenic waterfalls on the

edge of Sholayar forest range, 5 km apart. Athirapally falls joins Chalakkudi river after

plummeting 80 ft. This is a popular picnic spot. Dream World and Silver Storm amusement

parks are nearby. Vazhachal is part of Chalakkudi river & is amidst dense forest.

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ERNAKULAM DISTRICT

KOCHI CITY – ‘Queen of the Arabian Sea’. Spread over a cluster of islands on Vembanad lake & mainland (Ernakulam). Backwater tours.
Fort Kochi – Historic town influenced by Portuguese, Dutch and British.
Jewish synagogue –Built in 1568. Has scrolls of Old Testament, copper
plates recording grants by Kochi rulers & hand painted blue Chinese
ceramic tiles. Jew Town – Street leading to synagogue has curio shops.
St. Francis Church – Built by Portuguese around 1546. Has crypts &
tombstones of Portuguese nobles. Has Vasco da Gama’s grave stone, as
he was first buried here. Mortal remains were later taken to Portugal.
Dutch Palace (Mattancherry Palace) – Built by Portuguese and gifted to
Cochin Raja in 1555. Renovated by the Dutch in 1663. Has beautiful
murals depicting scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharatha.
Chinese Fishing Nets – Huge cantilevered fishing nets, originally brought here by
traders from the court of Kublai Khan.
Santa Cruz Basilica – Present building was commissioned in 1887 and has a grand
interior. Originally built in 1558 by Portuguese.
Pallipuram Fort – On the northern fringe of Vypeen island. Built in 1503 by Portuguese,
first fort built in India by Europeans. Hexagonal shaped & three storeyed.
Bolghatty Palace – Built in 1744 by the Dutch is now a heritage hotel run by Kerala
Tourism Development Corporation. Located on Bolghatty island.
GUNDU ISLAND – Small island, coir products factory. Taj Group to develop resort.
Cherai Beach (45 km) – Near Vypeen island, ideal for swimming.
THRIPPUNITHURA (9 km) – Was the seat of the Cochin Rajas.
Hill Palace Museum - Paintings, epigraphy, furniture of the royal family are displayed.
Poornathreyesa (Vishnu) Temple – Masterpiece of Chola architecture.
Chottanikkara Bhagawathi Temple (15 km; near Thrippunithura) – Deity is
worshipped as Saraswathi, Bhadrakali and Durga at different times of the day.
Museum of Kerala History (10 km; Edappally) – Has statue of Parasurama, the sage
who is said to have created Kerala. Life size figures depict important landmarks of
civilization from neolithic age to modern era in Kerala. One hour sound and light shows.
ALUVA (21 km) –Pilgrim centre & summer picnic site on left bank of river Aluva.
Chovvara – Old summer palace of erstwhile Cochin royal family, on right bank of Aluva.
Kodanadu (30 km from Kottayam) – Elephant training centre under forest department,
amid high ranges near Perambavoor. Elephants trained for safari are provided to tourists.
THATTEKKAD Bird Sanctuary (20 km from Kothamangalam) – Between branches of
Periyar river. Has 200 bird species Boat cruises from Bhoothathankettu to Thattekkad.
BHOOTHATHANKETTU (50 km) – Popular picnic & trekking spot, close to Thattekkad
Bird Sanctuary. Boating in reservoir of Periyar Valley & Idamalayar irrigation project dams.
MALAYATTOOR (52 km) – St. Thomas Church on Malayattoor peak (609 m ASL). Has
life-size statue of St. Thomas & imprint of his feet on a rock. He is said to have prayed here.
CHENNAMANGALAM (42 km) –A historical Jewish centre. Has remains of Oriental Jewish
Synagogue in the old Jewish colony. Nearby are ruins of Vypeenkotta Seminary built by
Portuguese (16th cen.) and ancient Syrian Catholic Church (13th cen.).
KALADI (45 km) – Birth place of Adi Sankaracharya, on the banks of river Periyar.
Temples to Sri Sankara, Sarada Devi, Sri Krishna, International Temple (abode of peace).
Kothamangalam (55km) – 14 centuries old St. Thomas & St. Mary’s churches.
Kanjiramattom Mosque (30 km) - Erected over mortal remains of Sheikh Parid/Farid.
Caparisoned elephants, traditional Muslim art forms like Oppana & Mappilappattu, pilgrims
carrying sandalwood paste are highlights of Kodikuthu festival (Dec/Jan).

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IDUKKI DISTRICT

THEKKADY (265 km from Thiruvananthapuram) Periyar Tiger
Reserve – Most popular wildlife sanctuary in Kerala. Animals can be
observed from boats in Periyar lake. Trekking with guides in small groups.
Kumily (4 km from Thekkady) – Plantation town with accommodation & shopping facility.
Mangala Devi Temple (15 km from Thekkady) – Located in dense woods at 1337 ASL.
Trekking route. Peak commands a picturesque view.
H
MUNNAR (310 km from Thiruvananthapuram) – Hill station & popular
resort town (1600 to 1800 m ASL) situated at the confluence of three
mountain streams – Mudrapuzha, Nallathanni & Kundala. Mountain scenery
with craggy peaks, tea estates, picture book settlements & winding lanes.
Facilities for boating, cycle rental, trekking packages & tea factory visits.

DEVIKULAM (7 km from Munnar) – Hill station with velvet lawns. Sita Devi lake with
mineral water springs & picturesque surroundings is a picnic spot. DTPC’s spice garden.
Mattupetty (13 km from Munnar) – 1700 m ASL. Indo-Swiss livestock project & dairy
farm. Mattupetty lake & dam nearby provide a picnic spot with boating facility.
Lock Heart Gap (13 km from Munnar) – View point. Adventure tourism and trekking
Echo Point (15 km from Munnar) – Scenic place with natural echo phenomenon.
Kundala (20 km from Munnar) – Picturesque tea plantation town on way to Top Station.
Dam and lake, Tata Tea’s golf course. Aruvikkad Waterfalls is nearby.
Top Station (32 km from Munnar) – 1700 m ASL. Highest point on Munnar – Kodaikanal
road. Offers a panoramic view.
ERAVIKULAM National park (15 km from Munnar) –Established to protect Nilgiri Tahr.
Rajamala, forms the tourism zone of the Park. Nilgiri Tahr can be seen here.
Anamudi (17 km from Munnar) – (2695 m ASL). Highest peak in south India in the
southern periphery of the Park. Suitable for trekking.
Marayoor (40 km from Munnar) – Natural sandal wood trees. Forest dept’s sandalwood
factory. Children’s park under canopy of a single banyan tree. Relics of megalithic age -
‘Muniyaras’ (tombs) believed to date from 1000 B.C. to 200 A.D. have cave paintings.
Cheeyappara & Valara water falls - Cheeyappara cascades down in seven steps. Place
for trekking. Valara (10 km from Adimali) has a chain of waterfalls surrounded by forests.
CHINNAR Wildlife Sanctuary (60 km from Munnar) – Watch towers provide fascinating
view. Massive Thoovanam water falls on river Chinnar is deep within the sanctuary.
Idukki Arch Dam – World’s second & Asia’s first arch dam, 550 ft high & 650 ft wide.
Boating facility in dam reservoir & hill view park. IDUKKI Wildlife Sanctuary is nearby.
Cheruthoni (1194 m ASL) – Near PAINAVU, headquarters of Idukki district. Breath
taking views of distant areas. Accessible only by jeep.
PEERUMEDU – Plantation town, takes its name from Peer Mohammed – Sufi saint and
close associate of erstwhile Travancore royal family. Once the summer retreat of the
Travancore Maharajas; the palace is now converted to a government guest house.
Kuttikanam (3 km from Peerumedu) – Hilly cardamom plantation area. Trekking.
Thrissanku Hills (near Kuttikanam) – Rolling landscape – Ideal for long walks.
Grampi (5 km from Peerumedu) – Parunthupara (eagle rock), view from high peaks.
Pattumala (17 km from Peerumedu) – Means hill draped in silk. Lofty peaks, little
streams & tea plantations. Velankanni Matha church at the hill top. Flower garden nearby.
VAGAMON (25 km from Peerumedu) – Trekkers’ delight at an altitude of 1100 m ASL,
surrounded by meadows, valleys and tea gardens. Chain of three hills with religious shrines
nearby. Vagamon is proposed to be developed as a prime eco-tourism destination.
Malankara (near Thodupuzha) – Picnic spot; Muvattupuzha Irrigation Project’s reservoir.
Kudayathoor Mala (6 km from Thodupuzha) – Picturesque hillock, suitable for trekking.
Thommankuthu waterfalls (20 km from Thodupuzha) – Small, but scenic waterfall.

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KOTTAYAM DISTRICT

KOTTAYAM TOWN – “Mecca of Publishing Industry”, home of periodicals.
Valiapalli Church / St. Mary’s Church (2 km) – Built in 1550. Known for its two 8th
century Persian granite Crosses with Pahlavi inscriptions.
St. Mary’s Church, Cheriapalli (2 km) – Built in 1579 by Thekkumkur Maharajah. Blend
of Kerala & Portuguese architecture. Has murals on biblical & non-biblical themes.
Vimalagiri Church (Angathattupalli) – Cathedral of the Diocese of Vijayapuram built in
Gothic style. 172 ft high main steeple is the highest church steeple in Kerala.
St. Joseph’s Monastery at Mannanam (8 km) – Father Chavara Kuriakose Elias’ mortal
remains are preserved here. Site of St. Joseph’s Press established in 1844, which printed
‘Nasrani Deepika’, one of the oldest newspapers in the State.
Jama Masjid, Thazhathangadi (2 km) – One of the oldest mosques in India believed to
be 1000 years old, is on the banks of Meenachil river.
Thirunakkara Mahadeva Temple – 500 year old temple built by Thekkumkur Maharajah
in Kerala style, has colourful murals. Its Koothambalam – building for cultural purposes, is
one of the best in Kerala. Phalguna festival (April/May) attracts large numbers.

KUMARAKOM (16 km) - Fast developing backwater tourism destination.
Resorts offer exclusive holiday options & houseboat stays/cruises.
Tourist Village on Vembanad lake – scenic picnic spot with boating facility.

Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary alongside Vembanad lake has migratory birds like Siberian
stork, egret, heron and teal. Can be explored by boat also.
Nattakom & Panachikad (10 km) – Quiet villages with scenic water bodies, lush greenery
& migratory birds in summer. Recommended boat ride from Panachikad to Kumarakom.
Aruvikkuzhi Waterfalls (18 km) – Picnic spot. 100 ft water fall amidst rubber plantations.
VAIKKOM (40 km) – Famous for Mahadeva temple. According to legend, temple was built
by Parasurama, mythological creator of Kerala. Festival in Nov/Dec with elephant
processions. Vaikkom was once capital of erstwhile Vadakkumkur kingdom.
Anchuvilakku – Stone lamp post in Kerala style near Changanassery boat jetty built by
freedom fighter Veluthampi Dalawa. The five lamps are lit using kerosene.
Nadukani – Picturesque hill with bird’s eye view of vast meadows girded by huge rocks.
Karumbukayam-Meloram – Scenic place on Manimala river between Kanjirapally and
Erumeli. Popular for occasional water fiestas organised by enthusiastic people.
Bharananganam (5 km east of Palai) – The 1000 year old St. Mary’s Church here
features an attractive Grotto of Virgin Mary. Has entombed mortal remains of the blessed
Sister Alphonsa (1916-1946) in a chapel next to the church.
St. Mary’s Church, Kuravilangad – Built in 355 AD on the high ranges of Kuravilangad
town. It has an old bell with undeciphered inscription.
Ettumanoor (12 km) – 16th century Mahadeva Temple in Kerala style of temple
architecture. Inner & outer walls have exquisite sculptures and murals, depicting scenes
from Hindu mythology. Famous for painting of Nataraja in the gopuram and ezharaponnara
(7 1⁄2 elephants finished in gold). Central shrine has copper plated conical roof.
ERUMELI (60 km) – Vavarambalam Mosque dedicated to Vavar, friend of Ayyappa -
deity of Sabarimala. Hindu pilgrims worship here before proceeding to Sabarimala.
ILAVEEZHAPOONCHIRA (55 km) – Means ‘valley where leaves don’t fall’, named as the
place has no trees. Verdant landscape with 1000 m high hills. Highest point is Kannadipara.
Valley of this rocky mountain reflects the morning sun with mirror like perfection. Mankunnu,
Kodayathoormala & Thonippara hills are good for trekking. Pazhakakanam plateau with
bamboo groves, meadows & wild flowers nourished by Todupuzha river & Kazhukankulimali
waterfalls are nearby. During monsoons, the valley fills up to form a scenic lake.
Pundareekapuram (near Thalayolaparambu) – Famous for mural collection, believed to
be the best in Kerala. Sanctum is decorated with murals depicting scenes from Hindu epics.

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ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT

ALAPPUZHA TOWN – ‘Venice of the East’ – situated on the banks of a

network of canals, lakes and lagoons. Hub of houseboat operations and

backwater cruises: from Alappuzha to Kollam, Kottayam & Kochi. Famous

for Nehru Trophy Boat Race (Aug) and Tourism Snake Boat Race (Jan).

Alappuzha Beach – Long sandy beach. First light house on the west coast, built in 1862.

Pier extending into the sea is about 140 years old. Vijaya Beach Park – picnic spot with

children’s park & boating facilities. Sea View Park has boating facilities & swimming pool.

Mullackal Rajarajeshwari Temple – “Navarathri” festival is celebrated with procession of

nine elephants. Cultural programmes including Ottan thullal are staged.

Latin Catholic Church – One of the oldest churches.

Kottamkulangara Mahavishnu & Devi Temples – Two temples in same compound.

Mahavishnu temple was earlier situated in a pond, which is now covered with sand.

Marari Beach (15 km north)– Known for Marari Beach Resort

Chavara Bhavan (6 km from Alappuzha) – Ancestral home of the blessed Kuriakose Elias

Chavara. Accessible only by boat. 250-year old beacon of light is preserved here.

Punnapra (near Alappuzha) – Memorial to Punnapra – Vayalar uprising (1946) - bitter

struggle between communists & Travancore State Police.

St. Mary’s Church at Champakulam – Believed to be one of the seven established by

St.Thomas, the apostle. Annual feast in October.

PATHIRAMANAL (14 km) – 10 acre picturesque island on Vembanad lake accessible only

by boat (from Kumarakom & Muhamma). Covered with greenery & visited by rare migratory

birds. Name means ‘Sands of midnight’. International backwater resort is to be developed

here by Oberoi Group.

Kuttanad region / Q,S,T and R Block Kayals (canals) – ‘Rice bowl of Kerala’ in the heart

of the backwaters between Alappuzha & Changanassery. Farming is done 1 to 2 m below

seal level on land reclaimed from backwaters & protected by dykes. This amazing feature

can be observed through leisurely cruise along the inland water ways.

Arthunkal (22 km north, near Cherthala) – St. Andrew’s Ferona Church established by

Portuguese missionaries in 1851. ‘Arthunkal Perunnal’ –St. Sebastian feast is held in Jan.

Kokkomangalam Church (near Cherthala) – Established by St. Thomas.

Ambalappuzha (14 km south) – Has Sree Krishna Temple, built in typical Kerala style.

Temple has paintings of Dasavatharam on inner walls of Chuttambalam. Famous for

Palpayasam – milk porridge offered to the deity. Annual festival in March/April. 16th century

poet Kunjan Nambiar staged his first Ottan Thullal, a satiric solo dance performance here.

Karumadi (3 km east of Ambalappuzha) – Famous for its Karumadi Kuttan, a black

granite figure of Buddha said to belong to the 9th - 11th century.

KRISHNAPURAM PALACE near Karthikapally (47 km) – This 18th century palace was

built during the reign of Marthanda Varma of Travancore. Double storied structure of typical

Kerala architecture – gabled roof, dormer windows, narrow corridors. Famous for one of

Kerala’s largest mural paintings (14 ft x11 ft) depicting Gajendramoksham. Also has

museum of sculptures, paintings & bronzes. Protected by State Archeology Department.

St. George Church at Edathua (24 km) - Established in 1810; located on the banks of

Manimala river. Believed to heal mental disorders and other ailments.

Mannarsala Sree Nagaraja Temple, near Haripad (32 km) – Ancient temple of serpent

god Nagaraja & consorts – Sarpa Yakshi & Naga Yakshi, in a panoramic 16-acre wooded

site. Presided over by a priestess. Popular with women seeking to have a child.

Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temple near Mavelikkara (5 km east of Kayamkulam) –

Temple of Bhadrakali, supposed to possess miraculous powers. Famous for Kettukazhcha

festival (February/March) – procession of tall decorated chariots, with brightly adorned

images of horses, bullocks and epic heroes; cultural performance

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PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT

PATHANAMTHITTA TOWN – Hub of pilgrim centres in Kerala.

E MALAYALAPUZHA (8km) – Bhagavathy Temple has beautiful wall paintings and artistic

   stone carvings. A very popular pilgrim centre.

  Konni (11km) – Known for its elephant training centre. Reservoir. Agricultural region rich

   in cash crops like rubber, pepper, coffee, ginger, etc. Proposed eco-tourism centre.

  Elavumthitta (12km) – Muloor Smarakam, memorial to Muloor, social reformer & poet.

   Kozhencherry (13 km) – Venue of largest Christian gathering in Asia, known as Maramon

    Convention. Held in February-March each year on the banks of river Pamba at Maramon

   since over 100 years. Addressed by Christian scholars from all over the world.

  Perunthenaruvi (36 km via Vachoochira) – 100 feet high waterfalls on the Pamba river.

R SABARIMALA (72 km) – Most popular pilgrim centre in Kerala. Attracts

15 million pilgrims annually. Famous for Ayyappa Temple situated in a hilly,

wooded region at 914 m ASL. Accessible only by foot from Pamba (4 km).

Mandalapooja & Makara vilakku (Nov – Jan) is the peak pilgrim season.

Nilackal (17 km from Sabarimala) – Has old Shiva temple.

Pandalam (14 km from Chengannur) – Ayyappa, deity of Sabarimala, had his human

sojourn here as son of the Raja of Pandalam. Valiyakoikal temple here was modeled on

the Sabarimala shrine. Pilgrims worship here enroute to Sabarimala. Before Makaravilakku,

ornaments of Ayyappa are taken from Pandalam to Sabarimala.

Aranmula (10 km from Chengannur) – Temple town amid undulating green hillocks.

Parthasarathi Temple on the banks of Pamba river is very popular.

Aranmula snake boat race (Aranmula Vallamkali) is held on the last day of Onam

festival (Aug-Sep). 30 feet snake boats each with 4 helmsmen, 100 rowers & 25 singers.

Vijnana Kalavedi Cultural Centre - Residential courses in Kathakali, Mohiniyattam,

Kalaripayattu, music, wood carving, etc. Foreigners camp to experience Kerala culture.

Aranmula kannadi - Hand made polished metal mirrors make unique souvenirs.

ACHANKOVIL (80 km from Punalur) – Has Dharmasastha temple, believed to have

been founded by Parasurama. The deity holds an ever-bright shield and sword in hand.

Thiruvalla - Sri Vallabha Temple – A large temple in Kerala style. Kathakali performance

is staged here every evening. The name Thiruvalla originates from God Sri Vallabhan.

Paliakara Church Has mural paintings.

Niranam (7 km from Thiruvalla) – Has one of the oldest Christian churches in India,

believed to have been built by the apostle St. Thomas## in 52 A.D. Also the birthplace of a

band of 14th century poets and social reformers popularly known as Niranam Kavikal or

Kannassa Panikkaranmar, who re-rendered many Sanskrit works in Malayalam.

Rock Cut Cave Temple (6 km from Thiruvalla) –Resembles Pallava style. Dated to 8th

century A.D. ‘Sivalinga’ cut out of a rock is enshrined in a square cave.

Mannadi Kavu (13 km from Adoor) – Ancient Bhagavathy temple here has exquisite

stone sculptures. Kerala Institute of Folklore and Folk Arts functions here. Memorial to

Veluthampi Dalawa, renowned freedom fighter of Travancore, who spent his last days

here before he killed himself with his sword.

Charalkunnu – Picturesque hill station, provides panoramic view of nearby valleys.

Manjanikara Church – Mar Ignatius Elias III, the holy patriot of Anthoid while on a visit to

India, died at this place in 1932. This place later developed into a pilgrim centre.

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KOLLAM DISTRICT

OLLAM CITY – Situated on Ashtamudi Lake. Gateway to backwaters.
WP Backwater boat tour route: Kollam – Alumkadavu – Alappuzha. Also has
      house boats & resorts.
     Picnic Village at Ashramam – Situated on backwater. Main centre of
      recreational activities in Kollam. 200 year old government guest house,
     adventure park, children’s traffic park, tourist boat club, Yatri Nivas.

Mahatma Gandhi Beach & Park (2 km north) – Place for short outings and picnics.
Thangasseri (5 km) – Seaside village of historical importance. Ruins of
Portuguese/Dutch fort and 18th century churches and colonial bungalows. 144 ft high
century old light house on beach.
Thirumullavaram Beach (6 km north) – Beach fringed with coconut palms. A popular
local picnic centre.
ALUMKADAVU (23 km) – Picturesque village on Kayamkulam lake near Karunagapally.
Half way enroute to Alappuzha from Kollam, by boat. Home of artisans who crafted the over
60 feet long kettuvalloms (traditional cargo boats) in yesteryears. These are now re-
modeled as tourist house boats.
THENMALA (66 km) – Newly developed eco-tourism centre with boating facility in
Kallada dam reservoir, garden, musical fountain, trekking path, etc. Entry point to
Shenduruny wildlife sanctuary.
SHENDURUNY Wildlife Sanctuary – Formed around the Kallada irrigation project.
Shenduruny valley is one of the richest floral areas of Kerala. Also home for elephants,
tigers, leopards, bears, lion tailed macaques.
PALARUVI Waterfalls (75 km) – Palaruvi means ‘milky stream’. The 300 ft waterfall
down the rocks, gives the impression of flowing milk. The water falls into a shallow pool,
suitable for bathing/swimming. Wooded picnic spot. KTDC motel. Smaller cascades
nearby.
KULATHUPUZHA (64 km) – Sri Dharma Sastha temple in forest area near
Thenmala, on the right bank of Kulathupuzha river. Forest range famous for elephants.
ARIANKAVU (70 km) – Sri Sastha temple, 5 km from Palaruvi. Attracts pilgrims during
Mandalapooja in December. 2.5 km railway tunnel nearby.
Mayyanad (10 km) – Has nine temples. Most important is Subramanya temple at
Umayanallur, said to be consecrated by Adi Sankaracharya.
SASTHAMKOTTA (29 km) – Has Kerala’s largest fresh water lake with scenic hills on
three sides. Ancient Sastha temple on lake shore is an important pilgrim centre.
Ochira (34 km) – Parabrahma temple dedicated to universal consciousness. Unique
feature is that there is no deity or idol. Known for Ochira Kali festival in mid-June – mock
fight between groups of men dressed as warriors on the padanilam (battle field). They
perform martial dance standing in knee-deep water, brandishing swords & shields and
splashing water in all directions. Panthrandu Vilakku (twelve lamp festival) in Nov/Dec.
Matha Amrithanandamayi Ashram, Amrithapuri near Vallikkavu – Residence and
headquarters of Matha Amrithanandamayi Devi. Accessible by road and boat.
PUNALUR (46 km) – Suspension bridge built in 1879 over Kallada river is star attraction.
Lord Ayyappa temple at Sasthamkoram. Industrial town.
Rameshwara Temple – Dating from the 12th to 16th centuries with Pandyan influence in
design. Tamil inscriptions, Vyala monster sculptures.
JATAYUPARA at Chadayamangalam – Huge rock where the mythical bird Jatayu is
believed to have collapsed after failing in attempts to rescue Sita from Ravana.
KOTTUKAL Rock Cut Cave Temple (11 km from Chadayamangalam) – Idyllic example
of rock cut temple architecture.

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THIRUVANANTHAPURAM

trivandrum is the  State capital.
Tourist places in trivandrum
R Sri Anantha Padmanabhaswamy Temple –City’s best-known landmark.     Deity is 18-ft image of Vishnu reclining on celestial serpent Anantha. 16th    century temple, has 368 sculptured stone pillars & mural paintings. 100-ft   high gopuram in Dravidian style built by Travancore Maharaja in 1733.Museum complex & zoo –
Napier Museum, Shri Chithra Art Gallery (has paintings by Ravi   Varma) and zoological-cum-botanical garden.  Kuthiramalika (Puthenmalika) Palace Museum – Built by the musician king Maharaja   Swathi Thirunal. Paintings and other collections of the royal family.
 Kanakakunnu Palace – Palace with landscaped garden illuminated after sunset.   Shanghumukham Beach (8 km) – Beach near airport. Has indoor recreation club,    matsya kanyaka (35 m long mermaid sculpture), starfish shaped restaurant & children’s     traffic training park. Sunset watching. Water is polluted by urban effluents.  
AKKULAM Boat Club (8 km) – Picnic spot on backwaters; Boating, park, swimming pool.    
VELI Tourist Village (8 km) – Picnic spot. Veli lagoon meets Arabian sea here. Boating in      backwater lagoon, 18-acre waterfront garden with modern sculptures, floating bridge.     THIRUVALLAM (10 km enroute to Kovalam) – Serene backwater stretch.
 Canoe rides      in backwaters. Has temple to Parasurama, the legendary founder of Kerala.
KOVALAM (16 km) – Most visited beach in Kerala – popular since1930s. Comprises three adjacent crescent beaches. Accommodation tosuit all budgets. Several ayurvedic centres. Handicraft and souvenir shops.
Chowara beach (south of Kovalam) - Virgin beach; new tourist destination with severalheritage and ayurvedic resort
s.Vizhinjam (Fishing port south of Kovalam) - Has Rock Cave – 18th century granitecave temple with loose/incomplete sculptures/reliefs of Vinandhara Dakshinamurthy,Shiva and Parvathi. Also, marine aquarium.Poovar – Known for Poovar Island Resort & Wilson Beach Resort.
VARKALA (40 km) – Beach resort & pilgrim centre. High cliffs with mineral springs nearcoastline. Several resorts & hotels. Nature Care Centre offers yoga & massage.
SivagiriMutt atop Sivagiri hill has Samadhi of Sree Narayana Guru, religious & social reformer.
Papanasham beach with 2000-year old Janardhana Swamy Temple.Anjengo (Anchuthengu) (36 km) – Historical town between Arabian sea & Anjengo Kayal.East India Company built a fort with the permission of the queen of Attingal in 1695. Beach,ruins of fort and flag staff, tombs of Dutch and British are some places of interest.
Aruvikkara (16 km) – Site of a mini dam supplying water to Thiruvananthapuram. Ancientrock shrine dedicated to Bhagavathi, on the banks of Karamana river.
NEYYAR Wildlife Sanctuary & Neyyar Dam (32 km) – Popular picnic spot. Crocodilefarm, lion safari park and boating in Neyyar dam reservoir.
Agasthyarkoodam – 1868 m ASL peak, part of Neyyar Sanctuary. Accessible by footfrom Kottor near Neyyar Dam, Trekking with permission.Meenmutty falls – Situated in Neyyar Sanctuary.PONMUDI (61 km) – Hill station 915 m ASL. Deer park nearby. Golden valley – scenicviewpoint with natural springs. Trekking trails.Koyikkal Palace, Nedumangad (18 km enroute to Ponmudi) – 15th century doublestoreyed Nalukettu building with gabled roof, museum of folklore & numismatics.PEPPARA Wildlife Sanctuary (50 km, deviation enroute to Ponmudi) – Rich flora &fauna. Rugged terrain with rivulets.

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Ayurvedic tourism

With ayurvedic rejuvenation treatments becoming available widely in differentparts of India and abroad, Kerala would have to strengthen its positioning as the‘real’ destination for ayurveda, and clearly distinguish its product vis-à-vis thoseavailable at other places.The other possible threat is that a semi-medical product is offered as a product ofrelaxation, often ignoring necessary conditions and precautions. Should there bea medical mishap, it could generate considerable negative publicity and create aset back. Medical check-ups to the requisite degree of detail may be specifiedclearly for each form of treatment. These should be insisted upon beforeproviding treatment in the certified ayurvedic centers. The experts may alsoevaluate and consider the need for liability insurance and/or any otherprecautionary measures.Distortion of traditional ayurveda and its commercialization is another issue ofconcern. One view is that once the novelty and uniqueness wears off, ayurvedictourism in its present form may lose its prime position and may end up having tobe offered as a mass product at reduced rates. The product can sustain itself inthe long run against competition, provided it can attract repeat business and alsosustained business from new customers through word of mouth publicity. Thiscan happen only if one avoids distortion of traditional ayurveda and itscommercialization for quick gains.

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Beach tourism

Beach destinations are commonly sold through charters. When the proposedresort at Bekal (referred to earlier above) is ultimately in place, charter flights(possibly through Kozhikode or Mangalore airports) may perhaps have to be theroute to take to attract occupancy at least during the initial period.Beaches and associated marine areas could offer a variety of options, as may befeasible, such as swimming, boating, wind & board surfing, water skiing, parasailing, snorkeling & scuba diving and sport fishing. A comparative gradedevaluation of the potential beach areas in Kerala could be carried out and effortscould be focused on those that are appropriate for development. Many of thebeaches in Kerala are small and scope for development is limited. Nonetheless,one of the beaches that perhaps merits serious evaluation is the Muzhappilangadbeach in Kannur district, which stretches over a long length along the coast.

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Backwater tourism kerala

While other forms of tourist attractions are found aplenty in different parts ofIndia, the extensive backwaters are a distinct feature of Kerala, providing aunique opportunity for positioning as an exotic tourism product. The geographicalexpanse of the backwaters also makes it convenient and conducive to spreadtourism activity across the State, thus dispersing accompanying economicbenefits and mitigating the negative impacts.At present, most backwater resorts and houseboats are at the high end of theprice spectrum and consequently out of reach of the average tourist, bothdomestic and foreign. Just as hotel accommodation and other facilities areavailable at various price points, the same should eventually happen withbackwater tourism facilities as well. But the numbers and quality of facilitieswould have to be regulated, keeping in view the local carrying capacity indifferent places of tourist concentration. (This issue is applicable to almost allforms of tourism and practically to the whole of India. A densely populated thirdworld country presenting numerous problems and squalid environs to the touristcannot expect to attract high-spending foreign tourists in bountiful numbers.Offerings at various price segments are necessary in each category to attract aviable number of tourists, without compromising on basic standards.)One of the components of backwater tourism is the development of suitableislands in the backwaters to provide resort accommodation, recreation and otherfacilities. While progress has been made on developing Gundu and Pathiramanalislands, there are reportedly about 30 comparable islands in different parts ofKerala, some of them under private ownership. The development potential ofsome of these islands could be suitably capitalized upon in due course.A part of the West Coast Canal has been declared as National Waterway No.3.Priorities for development, rehabilitation or deepening/widening of this waterwayand other canals would have to be decided by evaluating the combined benefitsthrough use for tourism, inland water transport and irrigation.The Kerala Government has a proposal for comprehensive and integrateddevelopment of the backwaters across the entire state, which is likely to costaround Rs.3000 crores, and may need to be implemented with funding frominternational agencies. The backwaters have reportedly shrunk to about one-thirdtheir original extent over the last century, due to various developmental activities.The backwater areas are also subject to CRZ regulations. A systematicdevelopment plan as proposed is therefore quite in order, so as to ensuresustainable and eco-friendly development and utilisation of the backwaters.Many of the principal tourist attractions in Kerala are close to the coast.Therefore, feasibility of organising coastal cruise ship tours can also be exploredin due course, depending on suitability of port facilities and market potential. Thisproject would have to be implemented with private sector/foreign investment.

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Forest and wildlife tourism

Development of tourism in forest areas has often been a subject of considerabledebate. Quite clearly, all new tourist facilities should be created outside theprotected area boundaries. This would eliminate the prime cause for conflict.Also, operators of tourist facilities should be active participants in conservationand improvement activities, as they have a long term stake in the same.The Tiger Trail (guided trekking programme for tourists) in the Periyar TigerReserve is projected as a model success story in eco-tourism in forest areas.Here, local people organize trekking along designated forest routes. It is said thatpoaching and other illegal activities have reduced in the area due to the presenceof trekkers.Further encouragement of appropriate forms of forest & wildlife based tourismcould be considered in/adjoining Thattekkad Bird Sanctuary and theParambikulam, Wayanad (Muthanga) and Aralam Wildlife Sanctuaries inparticular, after due evaluation.Nonetheless, tourism in forest areas is prone to be ecologically sensitive, andone has to tread with caution, with continuous monitoring of the costs andbenefits. Further, forest and wildlife based tourism would have to be encouragedon a conservative level, and therefore cannot be expected to generate largescale employment and income generation.

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Hill station tourism

Kerala’s best known hill station, Munnar, has faced considerable deterioration over the years, though it is quite serene and idyllic compared to many other much trodden hill stations in India. Tourism development is also having anegative impact on the local plantation based economy. One suggestion thatemerges is that to the extent possible, tourism development may be encouragedin places where the plantation or other form of local economy is on the downslidedue to extraneous reasons.The focus of attention now is on the proposed large-scale hill stationdevelopment at Wagamon in Idukki district, for which private participation isbeing scouted. Many other hilly areas in the State offer scope for various forms oftourism activities such as picnicking, trekking, rock climbing, etc., which need tobe evaluated. Places like Ranipuram, Nelliampathy and Pythalmala could meritattention. With some developments already in place in parts of Wayanad district,it would be appropriate to explore the possibility of attracting further investmentsto this region to achieve economies of clustering and integration of tourismactivities, so that they can benefit from common access roads, transportation andother facilities.

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Eco-tourism in kerala

Awareness and interest in the concept of eco-tourism in Kerala is quiteencouraging. Some vibrant initiatives such as the Thenmala Eco-Tourism Projectare already in place. Given Kerala’s diverse natural resources, the concept canbe developed further to encompass a wide gamut of eco-tourism activities. Dueconsideration may also be given to development of eco-tourism at various placesalready identified for this purpose. The real test would be to see eco-tourismpracticed in letter and spirit on a larger canvas right across the entire State.

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Heritage and cultural tourism in kerala

Heritage & cultural tourism constitutes a dominant component among bothdomestic and foreign tourists visiting the State. Among the available assets, it isimperative to identify and focus upon those that are outstanding enough to attractand satisfy varied interests. Apart from developing Kochi as a heritagedestination, there is perhaps scope for promoting a heritage circuit coveringKochi, Thrippunithura, Kodungalloor and Chennamangalam. Important museumsmay be developed to international standards with up-to-date interpretationsystems and interactive audio visual facilities. Museum retailing is also acomponent that needs upgradation.Possible models for tourism development that would draw strength from the localculture, arts and lifestyle of Kerala include rural tourism, development of aheritage village, and business tourism packages incorporating culturalperformances, local cuisine, etc. Suitable elements of these models could beincorporated into various projects, or separate projects along these lines couldalso be considered at appropriate locations in the State

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Climate in kerala

There was a diversity of climate in Kerala. Kerala alone has the two monsoons-Edavapathi and Thulavarsham.Thus we get rainfall both from the south west and northeast monsoons.We have an average rainfall of 116”, average temperature of 81 o and anaverage humidity of 82o.The abundance of rainfall enabled the people to chooseagriculture as their main occupation.Agriculture, as often said, is a gamble in themonsoon. 

The variations in climate and seasons had their impact on vegetation andagriculture.The two main crops-Virippu and Muntakan-were dependent on rain fall.Theclimatic factors have influenced our History also. The epoch making discovery of S.W.monsoon by Hippalus, the Egyptian pilot in 45 AD facilitated the direct see voyage fromthe Persian gulf to Kerala.The climatic factors also condition the military operations inKerala (e.g) Tippu’s retreat due to Periyar flood in 1789.The monsoon has caused floodsin rivers.It was uncle monsoon who saved the Cochin Raja and his Portuguese allies fromthe Zamorins attack in 1503.The fauna and flora has made Kerala ‘the God’s own country’.The forests of Kerala arerich in woods, animals and birds of rare varieties.In ancient times, Kerala seems to haveexported the elephant, the peacock and the monkey to the west. It also exported aromaticplants, spices, ivory, teak and coir.It was the demand for spices, especially the Black Gold(pepper) that brought the Europeans to Kerala, leading to the Da Gama Epoch of AsiaticHistory. Kerala is rich in mineral resources and white clay and graphite deposits. Kautilyarefers to River Churni from where pearls arefound.The fertile soil has facilitated thegrowth of agricultural villages.In short, geographical factors have influenced our historydeeply.It is one of the eyes of Kerala History.

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kerala Backwaters

Running parallel to the seacoast, Kerala has a chain of lagoons and backwaters.They provide communication between the different parts of Kerala.The more important of thelakes of Kerala are Vembanad, Ashtamudi, Bakel and Kumbla.The Vembanad Lake; its name came from the ancient kingdom of Venpolinad.It is the largest lake in Kerala extending from the south up to Kochi.On its banks are situated Vaikkam,a famous Hindu pilgrim centre, Alleppey, Quilon and Cochin famous ports.The Sasthamkotta Lake is the one and the only one fresh water lake in Kerala.The Azhis in the state like Azikkal,Chettruvai, Neentakara, Kochi,Kodungallur and many bud bays like west Hill provide safe anchorage to ships.

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Bharathapuzha

The Nila river, popularly known as Bharatapuzha and Periyar is the most important river systems in Kerala.It has a unique position in the annals and antiquities of Kerala.TheNila Valley was the cradle of civilisation in Kerala.For the people of its basin this was thevery basis of their cultural and historical heritage.There were a number of prehistoric settlements on its banks.Nila basis formed the first layer of tribal settlements.The second was the Aryan settlements.The Brahmins have four important settlements on its banks(Panniyur, Sukapuram, Thirunavaya and Ponnani).There was an interlinking of Nila andKaveri; and at one end was Pumpuhar and at the other Ponnani.The interlinking of Kaveriand Nila is substantiated by Agnihotri legend.The contribution of Nila to the Socio-religious and cultural life of Kerala cannot beunder estimated. On both banks of the river, there are famous temples like Tirunavaya,Sukapuram, Panniyur, Tripangode, Tiruvillamala, and Kalpathi.Nila nurtured Malayalam,Sanskrit and Tamil literature. Innumerable literary souls lived on the banks of Nila-Ezhuttachan who lived in Chittur and Tirur.Kunchan Nampiyar on Lakkidi, Puntanam,Melputhur, M.T.Vasudevan Nair on Kutallur,Akhithem in Kumaranallur, Urub, Cherukad,(P.C.Kuttikrishnan), Olappamanna Nambutheri, Balamani Amma, Kutty Krishna Marar,Kaikulangara Rama Warrier, P. Kunhiraman Nair-a glorious line of distinguished literary souls who stretch up to our time.The economic side of the river, settlement patterns resources of the village, village structure, trade and commerce, emergence of exchange systems, urbanization rural, semi urban and urban areas to be identified to fully assess theimpact of the Nila on our History.In fact, Nila has been the blood of our blood and salt ofour salt, the life and breadth of Kerala.

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Passes/Gaps in kerala(Churam)

As you know, the mountains provide a number of passes/gaps to facilitate contacts.There are a number of mountain passes in Kerala which influence ourHistory.The Palakkad Gap is perhaps the major one with its enormous width of36KMs. Through it, the South West winds bring pleasant moist air and grateful showers tothe thirsty plains of Coimbatore.Through it, many a stream from the higher mountains find their way to the Arabian Sea.

The gap is of great economic value to Kerala and TamilNadu.The Tamarasseri and Perambadi gaps promote contacts between Kerala and Karnataka.They have also served as routes of invasion.The Perambadi gives access to Coorg while Tamarasseri provide access from Wayanad to Mysore.The Bodinay kannurpass in the Travancore area (Central Kerala) connects Madurai with the HighRanges.Through the Kamban pass was transacted most of the trade from central Kerala(Todupuzha).The Aryankavu pass gives easy access to Tirunelveli.The Tamils used thisroute for most of their raids and trade to South Kerala.The Arambadi pass (Aruvamozhi),though presently situated outside Kerala is crucial.Early man with his microliths entered Kerala through this gap; This route had been the highway of traffic between Kerala and its eastern neighbours. Many raids and invasions, the last being that of Chanda Saheb in 1740had taken place through the Arambadi.Numberless battles had been fought in thisregion.The Arambadi – Kottar region is rightly called the cockpit of Kerala.

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Mountains, Hills in kerala

The Sahya Mountains which form part of the Western Ghats is the main mountain range in Kerala.It influenced our History in more ways than one.It provides the ‘body’ tothe state of Kerala.It protected the state from political invasions that hit South India till the18th century.It guards the eastern frontier.In this sense,Sahya range may be called as theGreat Sentinel of the East.It safeguarded the territorial integrity of the land.It was thesource of most of the rivers of Kerala.It provided mountain passes for traffic betweenKerala and neighbouring states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.The forest in the Ghat is asource of wealth to the state.Some of the peaks important from the political and religiouspoints of view are situated in the Western Ghats.The Anamudi peak (8841) in the Ghatrepresents the highest point in India-south of the Himalayas. The Agastyakutam, thesouthernmost peak in the Western Ghats figures in the popular legend of Agastya.The Hills are so many in Kerala.From Ezhimala in the north to Mahendragiri in theSouth, we have innumerable hills. Among the hills, mention may be made ofVavvimala,Vatamala, Puralimala, KalladiKotan, Nelliampathy, Pothundi, Anamala, Elamala,Peerumedu, Sabarimala, Ponmudi, Agastykutam and Aruvamozhi.These hills haveinfluenced our history in more ways than one.Ezhimala was the seat of a flourishing kingdom during the early centuries of theChristian era.As it is jutting in to the sea, it was a well known land mark for ancientmariners.The Puralimala was the headquarters of Pazhassi Raja for a long time and ishailed as the ‘Aravallis of Malabar’.The Brahmagiri in Wayanad is important as Thirunellitemple is located here.The Sabari hills are famous for the Sastha shrine, one of the mostimportant centers of Hindu pilgrimage in the state.The Malayattur hills is famous as acentre of Christian pilgrimage associated with St. Thomas.

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The Sea, Rivers and Backwaters in kerala

The Arabean Sea has been a permanent geographical factor in our History.In factKerala has been the gift of the Arabean Sea.Kerala depended for its prosperity on the seaand the sea borne trade.The Jews,Christian, Muslims and Parsees came here following asea route and first landed here.The Europeans anchored at Kerala coast.The Portuguesewere the first in this endeavour followed by the Dutch.French and the English, all followeda sea route to reach Kerala and landed on the Kerala coast and built their settlementshere.The Arabian sea had been the field of activity for the Kunjalis, the Admirals of theCalicut fleet.The imperialists first set their foot here and met with their first rebuffhere.The commercial and cultural contacts that Kerala has had in the past immenselybenefited the princes and peoples of Kerala.The extensive sea coast of Kerala has provideda number of harbours both in the ancient and modern times.In ancient times we have suchports as Muziris,Tyndis,Barace and Nelcynda. In medieval times we have Kollam,Kozhikode and Kodungallur, and in modern times we have Kochi, Alapuzha andEzhimala. If Kerala was isolated fro

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Rivers in kerala

There are 44 rivers in the state -- 41 west flowing and 3 (Kabini, Bhavani andPampar) east flowing.The state is rich in water potential, but no long rivers. The majorrivers are Nila (Bharata puzha or Perar), Periyar and Pampa; Kunthipuzha, Chandragiripuzha, Korapuzha and Chaliyar.

The rivers perform a two-fold function.They provideuninterrupted water transport through the length and breadth of the state. They add to theland area forming backwaters and ports.They make the land fertile and the countryprosperous.Inland trade has been mainly through the rivers.They are arteries of trade andcommunication.The harbours at the mouth of the rivers provide safe anchorage toships.Kerala Rivers have been the cradles of early civilisations. 24 out of the 32 Brahminsettlements are on the banks of rivers. 
A number of historic and religious temples and churches are situated on the banks of rivers.Most of the literary and artistic formsoriginated on the river valleys.The rivers have influenced our political and military history.The Periyar flood of1341 made Muziris useless for trade and brought in to existence the Vaipin Island.Theflood of 1789 in the same river forced Tippu Sultan to abandon his further conquest ofThiruvitamkur.Several places of historical and cultural importance are located on theriverbanks.We have Chittur,Palakkad, Thiruvillamala,Pattambi,Thirunavaya andChamravattam on the banks of Bharatapuzha.Ayiramalai,Malayattur,Kaladi, Aluva andKodungallur on the banks of Periyar; Aanmala, Sabarimala, Chengannur, Maramon,Edathwa on the banks of Pamba.It was on the rivers that major hydro-electric and irrigation projects wereconstructed in modern times.The hydro-electric projects like Pallivasal, Sengulam,Peringal kuthu and Sabarigiri have quickened the industrialization of Kerala.The irrigationproject like Peechi, Malampuzha, Periyar Valley became, to adapt the words of PanditNehru, centre of modern pilgrimage.

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Facts about kerala

Kerala has had the distinction of being an independent geographical and politicalentity from the early days. Its unique geographical position and peculiar physical featureshave invested Kerala with a distinct individuality.The land of Kerala comprises the narrowcoastal strip bounded by the Western Ghats on the east and the Aribian Sea on the west inthe southern part of the Indian Peninsula.Paradoxical as it might seem, this geographicalposition has helped to ensure, to some extent, its political and cultural isolation from therest of the country and also facilitated its extensive and active contacts with the countriesof the outside world.A study of the geographical factor in relation to Kerala historyassumes special significance.Here we are going to know the more important physical orgeographical features of the land like mountains, rivers, backwaters, wind and climate.Weshall also try to find out the influence exerted by each of these factors on our history andculture.GEOGRAPHICAL FACTORS:The geographical factors that have influenced and moulded Kerala culture may beclassified into the following:1. Position, location and shape of the state2. Mountains, Hills and Passes.3. Rivers, backwaters and the sea.4. Climate, Fauna and Flora.1. Position, Location and Shape.Kerala is situated in the extreme south west corner of the Indian Sub- Continent.Theland of Kerala comprises the narrow coastal strip surrounded by the Western Ghats in theEast and the Arabian Sea in the West. Kerala comprises three natural divisions. They are:A.The High land – The Western Ghats constitute this regionB.The Low land – it stretches along the coastal plain in the WestC.Mid land – in between the High land and the Low land.It is rich in agricultural products.Now, let us see how this peculiar position and division influenced our History.Kerala was free from invasions, which shook North India through centuries becauseof her insular position.This enabled the growth of peculiar social institutions like theMarumakkathayam in Kerala.It was a hindrance for friendly contacts with the North.Ittook longer time for north Indian religions to penetrate in to Kerala than foreign ones.Itenabled Kerala to evolve its own styles of art, architecture and sculpture like Kathakaliand Kudiyattam.However this did not prevent intellectuals like Sankaracharya topropagate his philosophy outside Kerala.It was not a hindrance to the Chola,Vijaya Nagar,Mysore and other South Indian powers to raid the Kerala territory.It did not prevent Tamil,Kannada and Tulu languages to influence our dialect and writing languages.Schoolof Distance EducationFormation of Kerala Society and Culture Page 72. Mountains, Hills and Passes.The Sahya Mountains which form part of the Western Ghats is the main mountainrange in Kerala.It influenced our History in more ways than one.It provides the ‘body’ tothe state of Kerala.It protected the state from political invasions that hit South India till the18th century.It guards the eastern frontier.In this sense,Sahya range may be called as theGreat Sentinel of the East.It safeguarded the territorial integrity of the land.It was thesource of most of the rivers of Kerala.It provided mountain passes for traffic betweenKerala and neighbouring states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu.The forest in the Ghat is asource of wealth to the state.Some of the peaks important from the political and religiouspoints of view are situated in the Western Ghats.The Anamudi peak (8841) in the Ghatrepresents the highest point in India-south of the Himalayas. The Agastyakutam, thesouthernmost peak in the Western Ghats figures in the popular legend of Agastya.The Hills are so many in Kerala.From Ezhimala in the north to Mahendragiri in theSouth, we have innumerable hills. Among the hills, mention may be made ofVavvimala,Vatamala, Puralimala, KalladiKotan, Nelliampathy, Pothundi, Anamala, Elamala,Peerumedu, Sabarimala, Ponmudi, Agastykutam and Aruvamozhi.These hills haveinfluenced our history in more ways than one.Ezhimala was the seat of a flourishing kingdom during the early centuries of theChristian era.As it is jutting in to the sea, it was a well known land mark for ancientmariners.The Puralimala was the headquarters of Pazhassi Raja for a long time and ishailed as the ‘Aravallis of Malabar’.The Brahmagiri in Wayanad is important as Thirunellitemple is located here.The Sabari hills are famous for the Sastha shrine, one of the mostimportant centers of Hindu pilgrimage in the state.The Malayattur hills is famous as acentre of Christian pilgrimage associated with St. Thomas.3. Passes/Gaps.As you know, the mountains provide a number of passes/gaps to facilitatecontacts.There are a number of mountain passes in Kerala which influence ourHistory.The Palakkad Gap is perhaps the major one with its enormous width of36KMs.Through it, the South West winds bring pleasant moist air and grateful showers tothe thirsty plains of Coimbatore.Through it, many a stream from the higher mountains findtheir way to the Arabian Sea.The gap is of great economic value to Kerala and TamilNadu.The Tamarasseri and Perambadi gaps promote contacts between Kerala andKarnataka.They have also served as routes of invasion.The Perambadi gives access toCoorg while Tamarasseri provide access from Wayanad to Mysore.The Bodinaykannurpass in the Travancore area (Central Kerala) connects Madurai with the HighRanges.Through the Kamban pass was transacted most of the trade from central KeralaSchoolof Distance EducationFormation of Kerala Society and Culture Page 8(Todupuzha).The Aryankavu pass gives easy access to Tirunelveli.The Tamils used thisroute for most of their raids and trade to South Kerala.The Arambadi pass (Aruvamozhi),though presently situated outside Kerala is crucial.Early man with his microliths enteredKerala through this gap; This route had been the highway of traffic between Kerala and itseastern neighbours. Many raids and invasions, the last being that of Chanda Saheb in 1740had taken place through the Arambadi.Numberless battles had been fought in thisregion.The Arambadi – Kottar region is rightly called the cockpit of Kerala.4. The Sea, Rivers, and Backwaters.The Arabean Sea has been a permanent geographical factor in our History.In factKerala has been the gift of the Arabean Sea.Kerala depended for its prosperity on the seaand the sea borne trade.The Jews,Christian, Muslims and Parsees came here following asea route and first landed here.The Europeans anchored at Kerala coast.The Portuguesewere the first in this endeavour followed by the Dutch.French and the English, all followeda sea route to reach Kerala and landed on the Kerala coast and built their settlementshere.The Arabian sea had been the field of activity for the Kunjalis, the Admirals of theCalicut fleet.The imperialists first set their foot here and met with their first rebuffhere.The commercial and cultural contacts that Kerala has had in the past immenselybenefited the princes and peoples of Kerala.The extensive sea coast of Kerala has provideda number of harbours both in the ancient and modern times.In ancient times we have suchports as Muziris,Tyndis,Barace and Nelcynda. In medieval times we have Kollam,Kozhikode and Kodungallur, and in modern times we have Kochi, Alapuzha andEzhimala. If Kerala was isolated from the rest of India by the mountains, she was openedto the rest of the world by the sea.

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